It's official: Xi Jinping can now rule China for as long as he wants

Chinese President Xi Jinping votes at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.

March 11, 2018 9:50 AM PT

Reporting from BEIJING — President Xi Jinping can now officially rule China for as long as he’d like.

On Sunday afternoon, nearly 3,000 delegates to China’s ceremonial parliament cast ballots in Beijing’s Great Hall of the People to amend the nation’s constitution, allowing Xi to potentially remain president well past 2023, when he was due to step down.

The amendment was widely expected — the parliament, called the National People’s Congress, hasn’t voted down a Communist Party decision in its 64-year history. Yet it marks a striking break from precedent. China added term limits to the constitution in 1982, after decades of Mao Tse-tung’s disastrous political campaigns underscored the dangers of one-man rule.

Two delegates voted against the change and three abstained, giving Xi 2,958 votes — a 99.8% approval rate.

Xi probably would have been unhappy with much less, said Willy Lam, an expert on Chinese politics at the Chinese University of Hong Kong who has written a book about the Xi era.

“This constitutional revision came from him — it is fully his initiative, and it has been controversial within the party and among the people,” he said. “So he needs that extremely high approval reading to show that this is not a selfish initiative — this is not him wanting to become an emperor for life, but this is the will of the people.”

Xi holds three posts: general secretary of the Communist Party, chairman of the Central Military Commission and president of the nation. The last is the least consequential and the only one that carried term limits — China’s last two presidents, Hu Jintao and Jiang Zemin, each stepped down after two five-year terms. State media have cast the revision as a common-sense move to bring the presidency into line with the other two posts.

Yet Xi’s landslide vote belies a deep anxiety among Chinese intellectuals, students and former officials about the implications of his seemingly limitless power.

Li Rui, a 100-year-old former secretary to Mao, sees parallels between Xi and his former boss. “The Soviet Union collapsed, but China didn’t collapse, because China’s cultural traditions preserved the Communist Party,” Li told the Hong Kong-based newspaper Ming Pao. “A country like China produced people like Mao Tse-tung. Now it gives birth to a Xi Jinping.”

Chinese students abroad, in a rare show of dissent, have reportedly strewn fliers on campuses showing a photo of Xi superimposed with the words: “Not my president.” Censors have rushed to block open discussion of the revisions on social media sites; on Sina Weibo, China’s version of Twitter, forbidden terms include “reelection,” “proclaiming oneself an emperor” and “I don’t agree.” They have also banned images of Winnie the Pooh, a cartoon character that many Chinese internet users believe shares some of Xi’s features.

“My greatest feeling is confusion and worry,” said a graduate student studying social sciences in Beijing who requested anonymity to avoid official retaliation. The student questioned whether the revision implied “that there are no institutional barriers to the return of totalitarianism.”

Xi, 64, became president in 2013 and has since consolidated power with extraordinary speed and efficiency. He has punished millions of officials in a wide-ranging war on graft, both eliminating rivals and shoring up public support; silenced or jailed scores of activists and intellectuals, effectively quashing dissent; and entrenched party control across all levels of the economy, society and military. Some call him the “chairman of everything.”

The National People’s Congress meets annually, ostensibly to debate and discuss political decisions that will guide China for the coming year. Delegates come from all walks of life; they include low-ranking party secretaries and CEOs of powerful companies.

While the congress is almost certain to approve the decisions of a small handful of top leaders — or, in this case, Xi himself — experts say it is still careful to maintain at least an appearance of democracy.

“There’s this idea that they’re channeling the voices of the people,” said Isaac Stone Fish, a senior fellow at the Asia Society. “These are representatives of the people. And the people have chosen Xi Jinping.”

Other constitutional changes approved Sunday include the removal of term limits on the vice president, the establishment of a new national anti-corruption agency and the inclusion of Xi’s political ideology, “Xi Jinping Thought,” in the constitution’s preamble.

China’s Politburo — its highest decision-making body — decided on the revisions at a meeting led by Xi in September and decided to introduce them to the parliament in January. It kept the proposal secret until a state media announcement on Feb. 25.

Delegates could potentially abstain from voting as a show of dissent, experts said — though the cost of crossing Xi virtually guaranteed a show of obedience.

“The change is based on people’s will from the grass-roots to the top,” Yin Yan, a delegate from Jiangsu, a province in eastern China, said in an interview. “Extending Xi’s tenure will guarantee social stability and economic prosperity. I 100% support it.”

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Special correspondent Jessica Meyers contributed to this report.

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UPDATES:

9:50 a.m.: This article was updated throughout with staff reporting, analysis.

4:35 a.m.: This article was updated with details and quotes.

This article was first posted at 12:05 a.m.