A ‘time bomb’ in Darfur
KALMA CAMP, SUDAN — This overcrowded Darfur displacement camp is preparing for battle.
Men have dug trenches and dragged tree trunks across dirt roads. Young lookouts, some armed with sticks and axes, scan the horizon for invaders. Even aid workers and United Nations peacekeepers are increasingly wary of Kalma’s besieged and, at times, belligerent population.
Since a deadly standoff a month ago in which Sudanese government troops killed 31 people here, including 17 women and children, the sprawling camp has been on the brink of eruption.
“We are like people living inside a fire,†said Ali Abdel Khaman Tahir, the camp’s head sheik. “Our anger is stronger than ever.â€
His second in command, Sheik Issa Adam Ahmed, added, “If the government comes to try to kill us again, we will kill them back.â€
Kalma and dozens of similar camps are intended to be havens for the hundreds of thousands of victims of Darfur’s violence. Nearly 90,000 people can find food, shelter and other assistance here, having fled their villages over the last five years.
Since Darfur rebels began fighting the government, more than 200,000 people in Darfur are believed to have died, mostly of disease and hunger but also in attacks by pro-government militias. More than 2 million have been left homeless.
Now the Aug. 25 attack, the most deadly clash in a camp since the early days of the conflict, is raising fear that the front lines of the rebellion are shifting from mountaintop rebel strongholds and remote desert villages to the displacement camps to which victims have fled to stay out of harm’s way.
“We’ve got a ticking time bomb in the camps,†said Sudan analyst Eric Reeves, a professor at Smith College. “The anger is overwhelming. The camps are awash with weapons. And if the fighting moves there, the civilian casualties could be higher than anything we have seen.â€
Displaced Darfurians, some armed and loyal to anti-government rebels, are grappling with reductions in food and humanitarian aid because of thievery, and many have lost hope in the ability of peacekeepers to restore calm to the western Sudan region. The World Food Program, which temporarily halved food rations in Darfur because of carjackings plaguing its convoys, recently threatened to stop deliveries altogether.
At the same time, the Sudanese government, in an effort to convince the world that the conflict has been exaggerated and stave off prosecution by the International Criminal Court, is pushing to dismantle the camps and send people home, sometimes by force, critics say. Sudan officials arrived this week at the U.N. to seek an ICC delay, but attacks like the one in Kalma have diminished their chance of success.
“The more time people spend in the camps in close proximity, the more agitated they become,†said Ali Hassan, head of U.N. operations in Nyala. “They are becoming more militant.â€
Kalma is the starkest example of the militarization and politicization of the camps, but there are signs that the violence is growing elsewhere.
Food riots at the western Darfur camp of Um Shalaya resulted in one death last month when refugees from Chad protested a reduction in rations. Members of a government police reserve unit reportedly terrorized another camp this month near El Fasher by firing indiscriminately as they drove by, killing one person.
Not all of the violence can be laid at the government’s feet. Gereida, Darfur’s largest displacement camp, has been largely abandoned by aid groups because the rebel faction in control is accused of taxing residents, stealing food and attacking international workers.
Government officials defend the Kalma raid, saying it was an attempt to seize weapons and arrest rebels hiding in the camp. They say rebel fighters fired first and used women and children as shields.
Many aid agencies agree that there are weapons hidden in Kalma, but a U.N. investigation found no evidence of gunfire emanating from the camp, and placed the blame squarely on the government, citing its “excessive, disproportionate use of lethal force.â€
Leaders in Kalma deny hiding guns, but they say they will use sticks, stones and knives to prevent government troops from entering.
“First the government shot at us in our villages; now they are trying to kill us here,†said resident Osman Abdul Haman, 49.
Kalma sheiks got a tip about the government’s early-morning raid last month and quickly mobilized the sleeping population by lighting torches and beating drums. By the time government trucks arrived, thousands of people had lined up to block the entrance. After a standoff, troops opened fire without warning, witnesses said.
In addition to the 31 deaths, at least 65 people were wounded by gunfire, most of them suffering frontal wounds, indicating they had no time to run or duck for cover, officials said.
“I thought I was dead,†said second-grader Nasser Mahmoud Mohammed, 8, who had sneaked out of his parents’ hut that morning and was shot in the leg.
In addition to heightened government pressure, camp violence is growing because of deteriorating conditions, crowding and lack of security. Camps like Kalma are turning into giant slums, replete with theft, drug use, prostitution, guns and an occasional homicide.
“It’s a shantytown,†said Jose Hulsenbek, head of the Nyala office for Doctors Without Borders. After a string of carjackings in Kalma, the agency stopped using its trucks while working at the camp, opting for donkey carts instead.
Jobless, idle youths are another threat. Gangs have formed in Kalma, sometimes based on tribe, and youth militias at times enforce vigilante justice, including using a makeshift prison.
As rebel groups have fractured over the last two years, fighters are melting back into the camps, fueling the radicalization and militarization of the youths, U.N. and government officials say. A rebel assault in May on the outskirts of Khartoum, the capital, received logistical support from Kalma, government officials alleged.
“It’s the rebels who are agitating the situation in the camps,†said Ali Mahmoud Mohammed, governor of South Darfur state. He said that as rebel leaders lose ground on the battlefield, they are turning to the camps for support.
“They want people to stay in the camps because that’s how they get their power,†the governor said. “If people went home, they’d have nothing.â€
Rebels said the government was using allegations of rebel infiltration as an excuse to force people home without providing compensation or improving security.
Insecurity is compounded by a dearth of police or independent protection forces. Government police officers maintain small outposts at many camps, but they are rarely accepted or trusted by residents. In the city-sized Kalma, there has been no 24-hour security presence since frustrated residents burned down a government office and chased out police and African Union troops in 2005.
U.N. peacekeepers try to fill the gap with patrols and they plan to set up police stations in large camps. But troop shortages and deployment delays have left them with insufficient forces.
“We are seriously overstretched,†said Brig. Gen. Frederick Eze, commander of the U.N. military in Nyala. He cited troop shortages for the U.N.’s delay in responding to the attack on Kalma last month. Peacekeepers first entered the camp more than eight hours after the shooting.
In the meantime, Eze is planning to open a base with 140 troops along the camp’s border to discourage further violence.
Government officials said they had no plans to use force against Kalma again. In addition to international condemnation, the attack drew some rarely seen admissions by government officials that mistakes were made. The assault came as the regime is attempting to convince the U.N. to postpone an ICC genocide prosecution against President Omar Hassan Ahmed Bashir.
But in Kalma, residents predict that it’s only a matter of time before they face another attack.
“It’s not over,†said Khadija Abdulla, 30, whose husband was killed during an attack on her village in 2003.
During the raid in August, Abdulla brought her four children to stand with her against the armed troops, but she said she didn’t expect the soldiers to open fire.
So would she take her children again?
“Yes, I’d do it again,†she said after a moment. “We’d face them together and die together.â€
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Darfur crisis timeline
2003
February: Rebels lead an uprising against government forces to protest poor resources and services in the region.
December: United Nations says government-backed militias attacked villages, burning homes and killing and raping people. Tens of thousands flee to Chad or camps in Darfur. Government restricts humanitarian access.
2004
January: Sudanese forces drop bombs, some say on civilians. The displaced say pro-government militias are raiding villages, and thousands continue to flee to Chad.
March: U.N. official accuses the militias of systematically attacking villages.
April: Cease-fire is signed but violence continues.
July: U.S. lawmakers declare the killings to be genocide.
August: African Union sends first peacekeeping force to Darfur.
September: U.N. finds that Sudan has not stopped attacks on civilians, calls for larger international peace force. Days later, Secretary of State Colin Powell says that “genocide has been committed†in Darfur.
2005
January: Government signs peace deal with southern rebel groups, ending a two-decade civil war in the south.
March: U.N. Security Council approves resolutions to strengthen the arms embargo and prosecute Sudanese war crimes suspects before the International Criminal Court.
2006
May: Government and the main rebel faction sign peace deal. Two other groups reject it. Fighting continues.
August: Security Council passes resolution to replace the ill-equipped African Union peacekeeping force with a U.N. mission. Sudan’s president refuses to allow U.N. troops into Darfur.
October: President Bush signs an executive order strengthening sanctions against Sudan.
December: U.N. Human Rights Council decides to send investigators to Sudan.
2007
March: Sudanese President Omar Hassan Ahmed Bashir again rejects full U.N. troop involvement.
June: Sudan accepts a combined United Nations and AU force of up to 23,000 troops.
2008
July: ICC’s chief prosecutor files charges of genocide and crimes against humanity against Bashir.
Sources: Associated Press, United Nations, Los Angeles Times
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