Indian Guides: Promoting Recreation, or Racism?

When Dave Bohmfalk of Foothill Ranch was seeking a way to spend more time with his young daughter, he found the perfect outlet in the Shoshones.

Named after the Native American tribe, the south Orange County group of fathers and daughters is part of the Y-Indian Guide Program, a popular YMCA-sanctioned activity that uses Native American themes to foster bonds between parents and children.

Bohmfalk, 39, and 9-year-old Christina cemented their bond four years ago during a camping trip to Big Bear Lake, where they wrote their “Indian� names on sticks and tossed them into a bonfire.

Now, “Watchful Wolf� and “Running With Horses,� like tens of thousands of Y-Indian Guide Program participants across the nation, find themselves in the middle of a debate about the political correctness of decades-old practices that some Native American leaders say demean and trivialize their culture.

“They are breeding grounds for racism,� Vernon Bellecourt, a spokesman for the American Indian Movement, said of the YMCA groups. The organization, based in Minneapolis, also has been battling sports teams’ use of Indian mascots. “It dehumanizes the whole culture of living, breathing human beings,� he said.

Critics say the Y program’s Native American theme distills a complicated and diverse culture into superficial images that encourage stereotypes. They take issue with some program participants’ use of Native American customs, like wearing feather headdresses and using face paint. Some groups use the burlesque-inspired “How-How� as a form of greeting during meetings.

Program participants and organizers, including some Native Americans, acknowledge that certain aspects of the program may be outmoded and say they are trying to eradicate offensive practices.

To scrap the theme completely, however, “would be a tremendous loss of an opportunity to work with the YMCA and the families to learn about Native American culture,� said Chet Ossowski, a family program coordinator with Newport Beach’s YMCA, who is part Cheyenne and has two daughters in the program. “What we need to strive for is more education.�

The debate has raged for decades but reached a crescendo in recent years, in part because of the Internet.

Native Americans surfing cyberspace have stumbled on Y-Indian Guide Program Web pages. Someone looking for information on Apache, Navajo or Cherokee tribes may instead find information about the Great Sun Nation, a Boca Raton, Fla., Y-Indian Guide Program whose “tribes,� like groups elsewhere, are named after American Indian nations.

The content of some Web pages has prompted letters and e-mails to local and national YMCA offices and Native American organizations. Two years ago, the Florida chapter of AIM threatened to sue YMCA programs in that state to stop them from using the Native American theme. No legal action has been taken, but AIM officials are exploring their options, Bellecourt said.

Chicago-based YMCA of USA is reevaluating the 75-year-old program. A task force to review the Native American theme is expected to convene soon, officials said.

“You don’t throw the baby out with the wash,� said Norris Lineweaver, a member of the YMCA’s Program Committee. Officials hope to include Native American leaders in the process. “This is an enriching program, but let’s do it in a manner that doesn’t offend people,� Lineweaver said.

Across the nation, the issue has stirred impassioned discussions, with both sides citing tradition.

“There have actually been instances where women who grew up in the program have wanted to wear their [Y-Indian Guide] vests over their wedding gowns . . . fathers who want to wear their vests when they are laid to rest. This is not a trivial issue,� Lineweaver said.

The matter is also serious for August Spivey, a Newport Beach Native American activist.

“To say that we’ve done this for 75 years, so, tough--we also did slavery for over 300 years,� Spivey said. “Our culture has been demolished for centuries. . . . What goes on in this program has nothing to do with Indians. It is offensive. Most of it is done totally wrong, and they are passing it along to their children. . . . They have no right to use native tribal names. Did the tribes give them permission to do that?�

The Y-Indian Guide Program features small groups of parents and children, mostly preteens. Up to a dozen pairs organize into tribes that gather for activities like crafts or storytelling. The tribes are organized into “nations� under the auspices of a local YMCA chapter and meet yearly at camp-outs.

Y officials say about a fourth of the 2,400 Y chapters nationwide have Y-Indian Guide programs. Membership estimates vary widely, though, because chapters operate independently, led by parent volunteers. YMCA officials and program participants estimate enrollment nationwide is between 180,000 and 250,000. The YMCA of metropolitan Los Angeles says it has 3,000 participating families in Los Angeles. No county-by-county breakdown is available for Southern California, including Orange County.

The program was founded in 1926 by Harold S. Keltner, a director of the YMCA’s St. Louis chapter. YMCA literature states that Keltner was inspired by an Ojibway Indian guide named Joe Friday.

“The Indian father raises his son,� Friday reportedly told Keltner. “He teaches his son to hunt, track, fish, walk softly and silently in the forest, know the meaning and purpose of life and all he must know, while the white man allows the mother to raise his son.�

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The program, originally for fathers and sons, expanded to include mothers and daughters, fathers and daughters and finally mothers and sons. The issue of sensitivity toward Native American cultures has proved a greater challenge.

In 1992, following complaints by some Native Americans, the YMCA issued “Responsible Use of the Native American Theme,� recommendations that included a more accurate portrayal of American Indian history and customs.

But the message has not filtered to all the local programs, said Barry Yamaji, a member of the National Advisory Committee, a panel of volunteer parents who work with the YMCA and offer technical support to participants.

“Part of it is just poor communication,� said Yamaji, of Gurnee, Ill., who joined the program with his daughter 11 years ago and now has a son in it. “Some groups are doing a fine job. Some just have no clue.�

Although organizers emphasize that the program is not about “playing Indian,� they do say the Native American theme adds a mystical element that draws many participants.

“It is the novelty,� said Joe Peele, program director at the YMCA in Raleigh, N.C., which, with 7,500 participants, is one of the most popular Y-Indian Guide Programs in the country. “We are trying to be as sensitive as we can.�

But the road to sensitivity has some bumps. A proposal to get rid of the “How-How� greeting has met with strong resistance, Peele said. “We have been doing this for 33 years,� he said. “It will be an awfully tough transition.�

Yamaji and many other participants say gradual change is possible. They argue that if done right, the program can serve to educate people about Native American culture and history.

“If they knew what most of us are trying to do, [Native Americans] would co-opt the program,� said Dennis West, a member of the Boca Raton, Fla., Y-Indian Guide Program. “We are plagiarizing American Indians, but isn’t emulation a form of flattery?�

David Narcomey isn’t flattered. A Seminole and North Florida regional director for AIM, he says many of those who say they are trying to be more sensitive ignore criticism when it doesn’t serve their agenda.

After AIM mailed letters to some Florida YMCAs decrying the program two years ago, Narcomey was invited by local YMCA directors to give a presentation about Native American history and culture, he said. When Narcomey’s group showed up wearing business suits, the directors seemed disappointed, he said. A few of them left during the presentation.

“I think they were expecting us to put on a show and dance,� he said. “We haven’t heard anything from them since.�

For many Native Americans, the debate, like the one over sports mascots, is about power: Who controls how a culture is displayed and perceived?

“Sometimes, culture can be reduced so all that is left is the image and no content,� said Paul Apodaca, a professor of American Indian history at Chapman University in Orange. “That is what the Native Americans are complaining about. They are saying, ‘We are still here.’ American Indians have the lowest per capita income. They have the lowest life expectancy. . . . It is not legitimate to entertain yourself with people who are socially disenfranchised and powerless.�

That viewpoint gives pause to Bohmfalk, the Foothill Ranch father who joined the program four years ago. At a ranch in San Diego County during a recent program camp-out, he marveled as Christina, once afraid of horses, practiced acrobatic moves on horseback.

“It’s a tough issue,� he said. “It’s unfortunate that a program as positive as this has this issue shadowing over it.�

During the camp-out, Bohmfalk watched the other 114 fathers and daughters around the campfire and reflected on how parents who often miss the chance to tuck in their kids at night took pleasure in simply being with them.

Bohmfalk decided to pose a question to his daughter: If we found out that some of the things we do in the program actually kind of bother the American Indians, do you think we should change the theme?

She replied, “Change it. But I would miss being a Shoshone.�