Review: Alfredo Ramos MartÃnez, champion of ordinary people, revisited
Alfredo Ramos MartÃnez was a few weeks shy of 58 when he packed up his studio and, with his wife and daughter, moved from Mexico City to Los Angeles in 1929. He arrived just in time for the epic collapse of the economy. Not surprisingly, the Great Depression is either subtext or frame of reference for much of the art he produced in L.A. before his death almost 17 years later.
At the Pasadena Museum of California Art, “Picturing Mexico: Alfredo Ramos MartÃnez in California†attempts to come to terms with the work he produced here. The show was organized by guest curator Amy Galpin of the San Diego Museum of Art. (Unfortunately there is no catalog.) The first survey of its kind, it is installed in four thematic sections — “L.A. Stories,†“Many Women,†“Religious Piety†and “Forever Mexico†— rather than chronologically.
But the exhibition is only partly successful in its aim.
Ramos MartÃnez gets subtly cast as a subversive artist — not a rabble-rouser like Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros and José Clemente Orozco, but a gentler compatriot of those Mexican muralists, who were also painting in the U.S. at the time. His paintings, however, do not sustain the interpretation.
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Ramos MartÃnez painted murals for clients in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Victorville, San Francisco, San Diego and Ensenada, the coastal town south of Tijuana. Many murals still exist.
But his easel paintings and drawings are not often seen. “Picturing Mexico†brings together 61 examples. For context, it also includes a small selection of mostly works on paper and a few small sculptures by Jean Charlot, Donal Hord, Henrietta Shore and other Southern California artists.
The best Ramos MartÃnez works are on paper — specifically, conte crayon drawings and tempera paintings made on newsprint sheets taken from classified ad sections in the Los Angeles Times, the San Francisco Chronicle, the New York Times and other newspapers. Newsprint provided an inexpensive support for drawings during a straitened economic period.
Perhaps taking a cue from the Cubist collages of Picasso and Georges Braque, which incorporated bits of newspapers, Ramos MartÃnez also used the found columns of printed text to comment on the imagery he chose to paint on top of it. Take the handsome “Head of a Nun†(1934), her profile capped by the elaborate, folded wimple of her religious order’s habit.
Layered against an upraised hand, Ramos MartÃnez painted the sorrowful, contemplative profile on a page of business news. Tough stories of struggling recovery in credit markets and pleading advertisements searching for capital investments form the environment for a mournful woman whose spiritual journey in life is defined by having taken a vow of poverty.
The drawing’s style, executed in black tempera paint with white highlights and pale color washes, is typical of Ramos MartÃnez’s work. Linear geometry, shaded by hatched brushwork, creates the sculptural suggestion of a shallow relief. The figure has the look of an architectural ornament.
Stylized, symmetrical, streamlined, static and elegant in its appeal to timelessness, it is emblematic of Art Deco. The style first emerged in France, flourishing internationally between World War I and World War II.
Ramos MartÃnez studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Mexico City, which was structured according to the training protocols of its French predecessor. (He was born in Monterrey, Nueva León, in 1871.) From 1900 to 1910 he worked in Paris.
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When he arrived in L.A., the Art Deco style was in full swing — epitomized by the lavish, black-and-gold Richfield Oil Company Building, completed the same year near the corner of Flower and 6th Streets. Back home in Mexico City, meanwhile, construction of the Palace of Fine Arts, long postponed by the Mexican Revolution, was just about to be revived; inside the frothy white meringue of its traditional Beaux Arts shell, a spectacular Art Deco interior spoke to national ambitions for industrial progress.
Art Deco style runs throughout Ramos MartÃnez’s work. In that regard he’s L.A.’s Tamara de Lempicka, although without the fashionable, high society sheen of the aristocratic Polish painter.
Large, assertive paintings of monumental female heads cast an anonymous Maya peasant as the Machine Age equivalent of an architectural caryatid on an ancient Peloponnesian temple. (The artist’s wife, Maria, was from the Maya region of Oaxaca.) His landscapes transform rolling hills and fields into rhythmic patterns of geometric curves, fronting theatrical mountain backdrops. Campesinos on horseback are always rendered frontally or in strict profile.
What’s unusual about this Art Deco treatment is its nearly exclusive application to rural and agrarian subjects. Deco is a machine style, propelled by a 1920s era of explosive industrial manufacture and the beginnings of mass production. It emphasized modern ideals of urban progress, but Ramos MartÃnez deployed it for romanticized depictions of rustic Mexico.
Ramos MartÃnez was a talented decorative painter. I don’t mean that as a pejorative, either. Decoration at its best is not simple to achieve. To decorate is to honor, and his paintings and drawings plainly mean to confer distinction on the people and places that represent his national and cultural origin.
The struggle of Mexican workers against a backdrop of economic turmoil is a hallmark of the newsprint drawings, where his Art Deco style is most refined. In Depression-era Southern California, those who avoided repatriation to Mexico suffered the added travails of day-laborers, heavily worked and poorly paid. Ramos MartÃnez honors them in lovely, sometimes wince-inducing, always compassionate images.
“The Loaders†(circa 1932) shows four peasants engaged in exhausting labor, heavy bales or boxes strapped to their backs. The figures form an almost classical frieze, as if adapted from an old Roman sarcophagus. The workers are rendered on a page of real estate ads.
A dozen years later, “The Weavers†(1944) employs a similarly classical motif. This time it repeats two nearly identical images of a woman kneeling at a loom. These industrious domestic workers are drawn on top of Help Wanted ads.
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“Man in Bondage†(1940) has Catholic overtones of suffering martyrdom, its cruelly roped subject — depicted upside down and from behind — an anonymous Everyman. Nearly transparent, the restrained but monumental body is marked by row upon row of ads for men and women desperately seeking work.
Here the printed texts are practically captions for portions of the picture. For example, a woman leans in from the side, protectively laying her hand on the bound man’s back; she draws your eye straight to the classified ads’ subject heading for “Nurses.â€
These drawings are highly personal. By contrast, most of the easel paintings and mural studies seem necessarily to respond to the commercial demands of a conservative Southern California marketplace.
Ramos MartÃnez’s stylish, pastoral paintings of an idealized Mexico and its indigenous people remind one of Olvera Street, the fantasy commercial strip at L.A.’s historic core, where a romantic replica of traditional Mexican shops was packaged as part of a 1930 redevelopment plan. Not only is it hard to imagine the combative, roiling paintings of Rivera, Siqueiros and Orozco in a remotely similar way, it is harder still to imagine the powers that be whitewashing a Ramos MartÃnez mural to censor aggressive content.
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‘Picturing Mexico: Alfredo Ramos MartÃnez in California’
Where: Pasadena Museum of California Art, 490 E. Union St., Pasadena
When: Through April 20. Closed Mon. and Tue.
Contact: (626) 568-3665, https://www.pmcaonline.org
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